FILM CENSORSHIP AND ITS RELEVANCE IN MODERN MALAYSIA
Keywords:
Film, Censorship, Malaysia, Relevance, ImportanceAbstract
The censorship within films can be identified through the modifying of certain contents in films that are regarded inappropriate by the censors, and the value judgment for the suitability of the contents to be censored vary depending on the country. The Malaysian Censorship Board believes that censorship is integral in upholding moral stands and in avoiding sensitive issues, which might stimulate unrest in the country. To function along line with the government‘s needs, censorship plays the gatekeeper in what information and cultural value is being transmitted to the viewers. With the advancement of technology, it has made censorship harder to be controlled. The creation of DVD and video releases has increased the challenge of film censorship. It has caused a greater risk of underage viewing in a less controlled domestic environment. Despite the censorship, Malaysians today are still able to access the original films easily through the internet. With that in mind, is film censorship still relevant in Malaysian today compared to the past decades? The present study shows that film censorship is still very relevant in this modern society and is essential in the country. Not only in protecting the upcoming generation but also to avoid the outbreak of obscenity in films. Instead of abolishing film censorship which is important to the society, audiences should understand the film censorship system more.
Downloads
References
About KPKK. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.kpkk.gov.my/
Arnett, JJ. (2007). Adolescents' use of media for self-socialization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24 (5), 519-533.
Austin, E.W. (2007). Exploring the effects of active parental mediation of television content. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 37, 147-158.
Bey, M. L. (2002). The Relaxation of Film Censorship in Singapore in the Past Decade. The Relaxation of Film Censorship in Singapore in the Past Decade.
Birc, S. (n.d.). The Censorship of Films on British Television. Retrieved from http://www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/polin/polin117.pdf
Brooke, M. (n.d.). Film Censorship in the US. Retrieved from http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/ 593210/
Censorship and Freedom of Expression. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.melonfarmers.co.uk/pdfs/libdem04.pdf
Censorship in North Korea. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.enotes.com/topic/Censorship_in_North_Korea
Censorship Milestones. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://fishcakes.biz/archive/ysp_f4_censorship/documents/milestones.pdf
Chooi, C. (2011, April 24). Najib repeats promise of no Internet censorship.
Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/najib-repeats-promise-of-no-internet-censorship/ Citing References in Text. (6th ED). (2010/2011). Retrieved from http://www.utar.edu.my/pdf/CTAPAStyleGuide.pdf
Company Profile. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.itu.int/tlc/WORLD2009/catalogue/entries/1470.html
Cooke. ‗British Cinema‘ in Nelmes, J. (Ed.) (2001). An Introduction to Film Studies. Routledge, London.
Dupin, C., O‘ Sullivan,I. (1999). The British Board of Film Classification - Censorship Dwyer, S. (n.d.). Censorship. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.eng.umd.edu/cell_root/home/glue/d/w/dwyer/pub/Links/Censorship.pdf
Emenyeonu, B. N. (n.d.). Media Uses and Gratifications: A Review. Retrieved from http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/africa%20media%20review/vol9no3/jamr009003006.pdf
Fenton, S. ‗Malaysia and Capitalist Modernisation: Plural and Multicultural Models‘ in Koenig, M., Singh G., Rex J. (Eds.) (2003). International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS) Vol. 5, No. 2, 2003
Film Censorship: What Everyone should Know? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://cbfcindia.gov.in/CbfcWeb/fckeditor/editor/images/Uploadedfiles/file/Publications/Film_censorship.pdf
Film Censorship Guidelines for Censors. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp://www.tela.gov.hk/document/eng/aboutus/filmcensorship.pdf
Film classification schemes. (2006, October 7). Retrieved from http://www.terramedia.co.uk/law/film_classification_schemes.htm
Freedom of Expression and the Media in Malaysia. (2005, December). Retrieved from http://www.digitalibrary.my/dmdocuments/malaysiakini/678_Freedom%20of%20Expression%20and%20the%20Media%20in%20Malaysia.pdf
Fuziah Kartini Hassan Basri & Raja Ahmad Alauddin. (2003). The search for a Malaysian cinema: between U-Wei Shaari, Shuhaimi, Yusof and LPFM. In Samsudin A. Rahim (Ed.). Isu-isu komunikasi. Bangi: Pusat Pengajian Media dan Komunikasi UKM.
Grant S, M. (1967). Censorship in the United States. New YorkL H.W. Wilson Co.
Gregory, W. L. H. (n.d.). Building a New Malaysian National Cinema.
Retrieved from http://mediaasiaconference.humanities.curtin.edu.au/pdf/Gregory%20Wee%20Lik%20Hoo.pdf
Guo, Z. X., Zhang, Y., Stevens, K. J. (2009). A Uses and Gratifications Approach to Understanding The Role of Wiki Technology in Enhancing Teaching and Learning Outcomes. Retrieved from http://www.ecis2009.it/papers/ecis2009-0184.pdf
Huesman, R.L., & Guerra, N.G. (1997). Children's normative beliefs about aggression and aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7Z 408- 419.
Ho, S. A. (1993). Lembaga Penapisan Malaysia: sejarah, peranan, masalah dan perlaksanaannya. B.A. Project paper. Bangi UKM.
Internet Piracy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.mfact.org/moviethieves_internet.html
Jensen, K.B., Jankowski, N. W. (1991). A handbook of qualitative methodologies for Mass Communication Research. New YorkL Routledge.
Kandakai, T.L., Price, J.H., & Telljohann (1999). Mothers' perceptions of factors influencing violence in schools. Journal of School Health, 69(5), 189-195.
Klapper, J. T. (1960) The effects of Mass Communication. New YorkL Free Press.
Kochberg, S. (n.d.). Censorship and Classification. Retrieved from http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415409285/resources/cens.pdf
Koek, C. (1954- 1958). Annual Report of the Board of Film Censor 1953. Singapore: Government Printing Office.
LAWS OF MALAYSIA: FILM CENSORSHIP ACT 2002. (2006). Retrieved from http://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.%2013/Act%20620.pdf
Lind, A. (n.d.). Uses and Gratification Theory in Virtual Network Analysis. Retrieved from http://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings53rd/article/viewFile/1213/433
Malamuth, N., & Check, J.V.P. (1981). The effects of mass media exposure on the acceptance of violence against women: A field experiment. Journal of Research in Personality, 15, 436-446.
Md Salleh, B. H. H., Mohd, N. O., Zoheir, S. A. (2009). Effects of Watching Violence Movies on the Attitudes Concerning Aggression among Middle Schoolboys (13- 17 years old) at International Schools in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved From http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_38_1_15.pdf
Mirandah, G., & Mirandah, P. (2007, December 12). INTERNET LAW – Malaysia Cracks Down on Software Piracy. Retrieved from http://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestn ews&i=1930
Movie Censorship in the United States (A Brief History). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.pictureshowman.com/articles_genhist_censorship.cfm
Nabi, RL & Sullivan, JL (2001) Does television viewing relate to engagement in protective behaviors against crime?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,20 , 551-567
Phelps, G. (1975). Film Censorship. London: Gollancz.
Roth, C. (n.d.). Three Decades of Film Censorship ... right before your eyes. Retrieved January,2000, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1374/is_1_60/ai_59021329/ pg_3/?tag=mantle_skin;content
Rockett, K. (2004). Irish Film Censorship: A Cultural Journey From Silent Cinema to Internet Pornography.
Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century. Retrieved from http://www4.ncsu.edu/~amgutsch/Ruggiero.pdf
Rule, B.G., & Ferguson, T.J. (1986). The effects of media violence on attitudes, emotions, and cognitions. Journal of Social Issues, 42(3), 29-50.
Schaefer, E. (2002). Gauging a Revolution: 16mm Film and the Rise of the Pornographic Feature.
Scott, D. (2000). The effects of video games on feeling of aggression. Journal of Psychology,129(2), 121-132.
Slide, A. (1998). Banned in the USA : British Films in the United States & their Censorship, 1933-1960. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers.
The Straits Times (1980, 1990-2001). Singapore Press Holdings Ltd.
Wan Abdul Kadir. (1988). Budaya popular dalam masyarakat melayu bandaran. KL: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Wan, A., Chang, P. K., & Jamaluddin, A. (2009). Film Censorship in Malaysia: Sanctions of Religious,Cultural and Moral Values. Journal of Communication, 25.
Wan Amizah WM. (2008). Perkembangan dan Pembangunan Sistem dan Dasar Penapisan, What is Internet Piracy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://mpai.org/internet_home.html
William M.K. Trochim. (2008). Types Of Questions. Retrieved from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/questype.php
